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Being sad is a normal reaction to difficult times in life. But usually, the sadness goes away with a little time. Depression is different—it is a mooddisorder that may cause severe symptoms that can affect how you feel, think, and handle daily activitiessuch assleeping, eating, or working. Depression is more common among women than men, likely due to certain biological, hormonal, and social factors that are unique to women.
This brochure contains an overview of five things that everyone should know about depression in women.
1. Depression is a real medical condition.
Depression is a common but serious mood disorder. Depression symptoms can interfere with your ability to work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy your life. Although researchers are still studying the causes of depression, current research suggests that depression is caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Most people with depression need treatment to feel better.
You can’t just ‘snap out’ of depression.
Well-meaning friends or family members may try to tell someone with depression to “snap out of it,” “just be positive,” or “you can be happier if you just try harder.” But depression is not a sign of a person’s weakness or a character flaw. The truth is that most people who experience depression need treatment to get better.
If you are a friend or family member of a woman with depression, you can offer emotional support, understanding, patience, and encouragement. But never dismiss her feelings. Encourage her to talk to her health care provider, and remind her that, with time and treatment, she can feel better.
Most people with depression need treatment to feel better.
If you think you may have depression, start by making an appointment to see your health care provider. This could be your primary doctor or a health provider who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental health conditions (for example, a psychologist or psychiatrist). Certain medications, and some medical conditions, such as viruses or a thyroid disorder, can cause the same symptoms as depression. A health care provider can rule out these possibilities by doing a physical exam, interview, and lab tests. Your health care provider will examine you and talk to you about treatment options and next steps.
Talking to Your Health Care Provider About Your Mental Health
Communicating well with your health care provider can improve your care and help you both make good choices about your health. Read about tips to help prepare and get the most out of your visit. For additional resources, including questions to ask your health care provider, visit the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
2. Depression can hurt—literally.
Sadness is only a small part of depression. Some people with depression do not feel sadness at all. A person with depression also mayexperience many physical symptoms, such as aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems. Someone with depression also mayhave trouble with sleeping, waking up in the morning, and feeling tired.
If you have been experiencing any of the following signs and symptoms for at least two weeks, you may be suffering from depression:
- Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood
- Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism
- Irritability
- Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness
- Decreased energy or fatigue
- Difficulty sleeping, early morning awakening, or oversleeping
- Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities
- Moving or talking more slowly
- Feeling restless or having trouble sitting still
- Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions
- Changes in appetite or weight
- Thoughts of death or suicide, or suicide attempts
- Aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems without a clear physical cause that do not ease even with treatment
Talk to yourhealth care providerabout these symptoms. Be honest, clear, and concise—your provider needs to know how you feel. Yourhealth care provider may ask when your symptoms started, what time of day they happen, how long they last, how often they occur, if they seem to be getting worse or better, and if they keep you from going out or doing your usual activities. It may help to take the time to make some notes about your symptoms before you visit your provider.
3. Certain types of depression are unique to women.
Pregnancy, the postpartum period, perimenopause, and the menstrual cycle are all associated with dramatic physical and hormonal changes. Certain types of depressioncan occur at different stages of a woman’s life.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, refers to moodiness and irritability in the weeks before menstruation. It is quite common, and the symptoms are usually mild. But there is a less common, more severe form of PMS called premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). PMDD is a serious condition with disabling symptoms such as irritability, anger, depressed mood, sadness, suicidal thoughts, appetite changes, bloating, breast tenderness, and joint or muscle pain.
Perinatal Depression
Being pregnant isn’t easy. Pregnant women commonly deal with morning sickness, weight gain, and mood swings. Caring for a newborn is challenging, too. Many new moms experience the “baby blues”—a term used to describe mild mood changes and feelings of worry, unhappiness, and exhaustion that many women sometimes experience in the first two weeks after having a baby. These feelings usually last a week or two and then go away as a new mom adjusts to having a newborn.
Perinatal depression is a mood disorder that can affect women during pregnancy and after childbirth, and is much more serious than the “baby blues.” The word “perinatal” refers to the time before and after the birth of a child. Perinatal depression includes depression that begins during pregnancy (called prenatal depression) and depression that begins after the baby is born (called postpartum depression). Mothers with perinatal depression experience feelings of extreme sadness, anxiety, and fatigue that may make it difficult for them to carry out daily tasks, including caring for themselves, their new child, or others.
If you think you have perinatal depression, you should talk to your health care provider or trained mental health care professional. If you see any signs of depression in a loved one during her pregnancy or after the child is born, encourage her to see a health care provider or visit a clinic.
To learn more about perinatal depression, see the National Institute of Mental Health’s (NIMH) Perinatal Depression brochure.
Perimenopausal Depression
Perimenopause (the transition into menopause) is a normal phase in a woman’s life that can sometimes be challenging. If you are going through perimenopause, you might be experiencing abnormal periods, problems sleeping, mood swings, and hot flashes. Although these symptoms are common, feeling depressed is not. If you are struggling with irritability, anxiety, sadness, or loss of enjoyment at the time of the menopause transition, you may be experiencing perimenopausal depression.
Depression affects each woman differently.
Not every woman who is depressed experiences every symptom. Some women experience only a few symptoms. Others have many. The severity and frequency of symptoms, and how long they last, will vary depending on the individual and the severity of the illness.
Where Can I Learn More About Depression in Women?
The following agencies have additional information on depression in women.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women’s Health: Depression
U.S. Food and Drug Administration: Women and Depression
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Depression Among Women
4. Depression can be treated.
Even the most severe cases of depression can be treated. Depression is commonly treated with medication, psychotherapy (also called “talk therapy”), or a combination of the two.
Antidepressants are medications commonly used to treat depression. People respond differently to antidepressants, and you may need to try different medicines to find the one that works best. Researchers also are studying and developing other medications for depression, such as brexanolone for postpartum depression, and esketamine. You can learn about recent developments on these and other medications at NIMH's Science News webpage under the topic “Treatments.”
There are many different types of psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy or interpersonal therapy. The particular approach a therapist uses depends on the condition being treated and the training and experience of the therapist. Therapists also may combine and adapt elements of different approaches.
Depression affects each individual differently. There is no “one-size-fits-all” for treatment. It may take some trial and error to find the treatment that works best. You can learn more about the different types of depression treatment, including psychotherapy, medication, and brain stimulation therapies, on the NIMH’s webpage about depression. Visit the Food and Drug Administration website for the latest information on medication approvals, warnings, and patient information guides.
What to Consider When Looking for a Therapist
Therapists and patients work together, and finding a good match is important. The following tips can help you find the right therapist.
Ask about their areas of expertise. Therapists have different professional backgrounds and specialties. You want to find a therapist who has experience working with your specific condition.
Find out what kinds of treatments they use. Ask if those treatments are effective for dealing with your particular mental health problem or issue.
Find out how you’ll evaluate progress. Determine how long treatment is expected to last, and when you should expect to gain relief from symptoms and improve your quality of life.
Don’t be afraid to keep looking. Rapport and trust are essential. Discussions in therapy are deeply personal, and it’s important that you feel comfortable with the therapist you pick.
5. Researchers at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and across the country are dedicated to women’s mental health research.
Researchers continue to study depression to improve the way this medical condition is diagnosed and treated. For example, NIMH researchers are currently working to understand how and whychanges in reproductive hormones trigger mood disorders, including postpartum depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perimenopausal depression.
NIMH scientists are conducting a large number of research studies with patients and healthy volunteers to better understand why some women are at higher risk than others, and how they can translate these findings into new treatments or new uses of existing treatments.
You can play a role in research by joining a clinical trial.
Clinical trials are research studies that look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions. The goal of clinical trials is to determine if a new test or treatment works and is safe. Although individuals may benefit from being part of a clinical trial, participants should be aware that the primary purpose of a clinical trial is to gain new scientific knowledge so that others may be better helped in the future.
In addition to volunteer research opportunities for the patient groups listed above, research opportunities for healthy volunteers are also available. Healthy volunteers play a critical role in our studies.
For more information about clinical research and how to find clinical trials being conducted around the country, visit NIMH's clinical trials webpage.
Finding Help
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) provides theBehavioral Health Treatment Services Locator, an online resource for locating mental health treatment facilities and programs in your state. For additional resources, visit ourHelp for Mental Illnesses webpage.
If you are in immediate distress or are thinking about hurting yourself, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline toll-free at 1-800-273-TALK (8255). You also can text the Crisis Text Line (HELLO to 741741) or use the Lifeline Chat on the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline website.
Reprints
This publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission from NIMH. Citation of NIMH as a source is appreciated. To learn more about using NIMH publications, please refer to these guidelines.
For More Information
MedlinePlus (National Library of Medicine) (En español)
ClinicalTrials.gov (En español)
U.S. DEPARTMENTOF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
National Institutes of Health
NIH Publication No. 20-MH-4779
Revised 2020
FAQs
What are the 5 most important facts about depression? ›
- Depression comes in many forms. ...
- Depression is treatable. ...
- There are a lot of myths about antidepressants. ...
- There's a stigma with depression — as with every mental illness. ...
- Remission is possible.
- Stressful events. Most people take time to come to terms with stressful events, such as bereavement or a relationship breakdown. ...
- Personality. ...
- Family history. ...
- Giving birth. ...
- Loneliness. ...
- Alcohol and drugs. ...
- Illness.
Social Causes
Coping skills, choice of relationships, and lifestyle choices affect women differently than men. As a woman, you are more likely to develop depression from marital or relationship problems, work-life balance issues, financial troubles, and stressful life events, including the loss of a loved one.
- Depressed mood.
- Loss of pleasure in all or most activities.
- Significant weight change or change in appetite.
- Change in sleep.
- Change in activity.
- Fatigue or loss of energy.
- Diminished concentration.
Nearly 50% of those diagnosed with depression are also diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. Depression is the leading cause of disability in the United States among people between the ages of 15 and 44. Women are twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with depression.
What is the number 1 leading cause of depression? ›Research suggests that depression doesn't spring from simply having too much or too little of certain brain chemicals. Rather, there are many possible causes of depression, including faulty mood regulation by the brain, genetic vulnerability, and stressful life events.
What are the 5 levels of depression? ›Types of major depression include melancholia, psychotic and antenatal or postnatal. You may be diagnosed with mild, moderate or severe depression. Your mental health professional may diagnose you with depression if these symptoms: happen most days.
What do women do when they're depressed? ›- Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" mood.
- Loss of interest or pleasure in activities, including sex.
- Restlessness, crankiness, or excessive crying.
- Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, helplessness, hopelessness, pessimism.
- Sleeping too much or too little, early-morning waking.
- Unequal power and status. Women are much more likely than men to live in poverty, causing concerns such as uncertainty about the future and decreased access to community and health care resources. ...
- Work overload. ...
- Sexual or physical abuse.
What were the major causes of the Great Depression? Among the suggested causes of the Great Depression are: the stock market crash of 1929; the collapse of world trade due to the Smoot-Hawley Tariff; government policies; bank failures and panics; and the collapse of the money supply.
What personality type tends depression? ›
People high in neuroticism (very emotionally sensitive) and introverts are two personality types more likely to experience negative thoughts research finds. In addition, being introverted is linked to spontaneously remembering more negative life events.
Which behavior can trigger depression? ›Factors that seem to increase the risk of developing or triggering depression include: Certain personality traits, such as low self-esteem and being too dependent, self-critical or pessimistic.
What type of personality is associated with depression? ›Current evidence suggests that depression is linked to traits such as neuroticism/negative emotionality, extraversion/positive emotionality, and conscientiousness. Moreover, personality characteristics appear to contribute to the onset and course of depression through a variety of pathways.
What are 10 interesting facts about depression? ›- There Isn't Always a Quantifiable Reason. ...
- Many Factors May Cause Depression. ...
- Children Get Depression Too. ...
- It Is a Real Illness. ...
- It's Different from Sadness. ...
- The Depression Umbrella Covers Many Aspects. ...
- Depression Can Change How We Think. ...
- Depression Can Lead to Other Health Issues.
- Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) ...
- Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) ...
- Bipolar Disorder. ...
- Postpartum Depression (PPD) ...
- Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) ...
- Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) ...
- Atypical Depression.
- Major depressive disorder.
- Persistent depressive disorder.
- Seasonal affective disorder.
- Postpartum depression.
- Premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
- Psychotic depression.
- Bipolar disorder.
- Atypical depression.
Depression is a serious medical condition that is associated with symptoms such as melancholy, loss of pleasure, loss of energy, difficulty in concentrating, and suicidal thoughts. Depression is both a brain disorder and a state of mind.
Are people with depression emotionally weak? ›It's a common assumption that depression affects those who aren't strong enough, also known as people with depression are weak. What's worse is when people with depression themselves blame their lack of strength for being the reason they are depressed. But the truth is that depressed people are strong, not weak.
What is the main consequence of depression? ›Depression can put a heavy strain on relationships – leading to lost friendships, severed connections, and break ups or divorces. “Depression has a profound impact on not just you, but also on those who you care about and interact with. It affects the quality of life for you andthose around you,” said Dr. Chapman.
What is the sad hormone called? ›People with clinical depression often have increased levels of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), an enzyme that breaks down key neurotransmitters, resulting in very low levels of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine.
What is the biggest risk factor for depression? ›
- Genetics: A history of depression in your family may make it more likely for you to get it. ...
- Death or loss: Sadness and grief are normal reactions. ...
- Conflict: Personal turmoil or disputes with family or friends may lead to depression.
- Abuse: Past physical, sexual, or emotional abuse can bring it on, as well.
Dendrites are cellular extensions found in the neurons, or nerve cells. This suggests that depression is not an irreversible neurodegenerative disorder. Instead, its impact on the brain may be reversible, and the brain can heal.
What are the 6 types of depression? ›- Major depressive disorder. ...
- Persistent depressive disorder. ...
- Psychotic depression. ...
- Seasonal affective disorder. ...
- Bipolar depression. ...
- Postnatal depression.
What is brain fog syndrome? Brain fog is characterized by confusion, forgetfulness, and a lack of focus and mental clarity. This can be caused by overworking, lack of sleep, stress, and spending too much time on the computer.
What are the three core symptoms of depression? ›Agitation or slowing down of movements and thoughts. Poor concentration or indecisiveness. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt.
What is the 3 3 3 rule for depression? ›Follow the 3-3-3 rule.
Look around you and name three things you see. Then, name three sounds you hear. Finally, move three parts of your body — your ankle, fingers, or arm.
The Four Ds o en associated with mental health conditions prevalent among the elderly are: dementia, depression, delirium and delusion. Failure to di erentiate between these four conditions can have serious consequences. The incidence of depression rises with age.
What is the final stage of depression? ›Depression creates a sensation of isolation as if you are lost in the wilderness with no direction. The final stage is acceptance, which means you have finally made peace with the reality of your mental illness.
What are 3 strategies that she can do to help with her depression? ›- Stay in touch. Don't withdraw from life. ...
- Be more active. Take up some form of exercise. ...
- Face your fears. Don't avoid the things you find difficult. ...
- Don't drink too much alcohol. For some people, alcohol can become a problem. ...
- Try to eat a healthy diet. ...
- Have a routine.
- “You're not alone in this. I may not understand exactly how you feel, but I care about you and want to help.”
- “Asking for help is a sign of strength. Have you talked to your doctor about this?”
- “I'm here for you. ...
- “Depression is a real health issue that can be treated. ...
- “What can I do to support you?”
Why do women suffer more from depression and stress? ›
Hormonal differences are usually cited as the major explanation. Compared to men, women experience much more fluctuation in hormone levels that are associated with symptoms of depression. In addition to premenstrual dysphoric disorder, up to 15% experience postpartum depression.
What age has the most depression? ›Young and Midlife Adults
The average age of onset for major depressive disorder is between 35 and 40 years of age. Onset in early adulthood may be linked with more depressive episodes, a longer duration of illness, and therefore a more difficult clinical course.
“Women's brains are wired differently, so their sleep need will be slightly greater. Women tend to multi-task—they do lots at once and are flexible, and so they use more of their actual brain than men do,” Horne says.
What are the two solutions to depression? ›- Here are the 5 most common solutions for depression: Living with depression can feel like living under a dark, desolate, isolating cloud of doom. ...
- Medication Management. ...
- Lifestyle Changes. ...
- Meditation. ...
- Challenging Negative Thoughts.
Medications and psychotherapy are effective for most people with depression. Your primary care doctor or psychiatrist can prescribe medications to relieve symptoms. However, many people with depression also benefit from seeing a psychiatrist, psychologist or other mental health professional.
What are 2 reasons someone might not seek help for depression? ›- Fear and shame: People recognize the negative stigma and discrimination of being associated with a mental illness. ...
- Lack of insight: When someone has clear signs of a mental illness but is convinced nothing is wrong, this is known as anosognosia.
1. The Passive-Aggressive is the absolute worst on this list because they are the most common. They'll appear to comply with the needs of others, but will then passively resist following through. Or they might use indirect methods to express their thoughts and feelings, so their intentions are never entirely clear.
Does depression make someone mean? ›In many instances, symptoms of depression, such as feelings of unworthiness and helplessness, can translate into anger. This can be particularly difficult for people with depression to navigate, especially if feeling angry is uncharacteristic of their typical behavior.
Does depression cause personality change? ›The most prominent symptoms of MDD include a severe and persistent low mood, profound sadness, or a sense of despair. The way depression affects the brain can directly result in personality changes.
What causes depression flare ups? ›Causes of Depression Relapse
However, general triggers exist and should be looked out for as a person is being treated for depression. These triggers include: Stressful life events. Death of a loved one.
What are three behavioral changes with depression? ›
Most people with depression find their motivation drops through the floor. They slow down, speak more slowly, move about as if carrying a weight on their shoulders and dragging weights around their ankles. Even periods of mild depression show in facial expressions and gestures, both of which reduce in number.
What are 5 things that cause people to be depressed? ›- Stressful events. Most people take time to come to terms with stressful events, such as bereavement or a relationship breakdown. ...
- Personality. ...
- Family history. ...
- Giving birth. ...
- Loneliness. ...
- Alcohol and drugs. ...
- Illness.
Common symptoms of depression include: Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood. Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism. Feelings of irritability, frustration‚ or restlessness.
Which personality type has the most mental illness? ›Some personality types that are prone to mental health conditions include isolated introverts, overachievers, dramatists, day dreamers, worry warts, and perfectionists. People with these personalities are at risk of anxiety, depression, panic attacks, and other mental disorders.
What are positive traits of depression? ›Depression leads to more analytical thinking.
We are able to break down complex problems into smaller components. Depressed folks actually do better on certain tests than those who are not. We also do a better job solving social problems (think spouse having an affair) when depressed.
Depression is a condition characterized by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and often worthlessness, accompanied by both physical and mental symptoms. Depression can best be described as sadness that can take over your life and impact your daily activities, causing you to not function as you normally would.
What are 5 examples of depression? ›- Major Depression.
- Persistent Depressive Disorder.
- Bipolar Disorder.
- Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
- Psychotic Depression.
- Peripartum (Postpartum) Depression.
- Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
- 'Situational' Depression.
Depression is a common mental disorder. Globally, it is estimated that 5% of adults suffer from depression. Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide and is a major contributor to the overall global burden of disease. More women are affected by depression than men.
What are risks of depression? ›Risk factors include: Personal or family history of depression. Major life changes, trauma, or stress. Certain physical illnesses and medications.
What is the root cause of my depression? ›Research suggests that depression doesn't spring from simply having too much or too little of certain brain chemicals. Rather, there are many possible causes of depression, including faulty mood regulation by the brain, genetic vulnerability, and stressful life events.
What is the most popular cause of depression? ›
Difficult life events. Most people who develop depression usually describe an important and understandable life event that occurred before the depression started. The events that are most likely to 'trigger' depression are ones where self-esteem is put at risk, compromised or devalued.
Is depression a disease or state of mind? ›Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed.
What are the 3 primary types of depression? ›Types of major depression include melancholia, psychotic and antenatal or postnatal. You may be diagnosed with mild, moderate or severe depression.
What is the last stage of depression? ›Depression creates a sensation of isolation as if you are lost in the wilderness with no direction. The final stage is acceptance, which means you have finally made peace with the reality of your mental illness.